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NEWS & STUDIES


Below is an ever growing comprehensive list of studies and reports on electronic cigarettes.  They are listed in order of the date they were done and should give you an insight into the real peer reviewed studies and reports on E-cigs not commonly spoken about in the media by ANTI-E-cig advocates.

When people tell you that there isn't enough research or the 'jury is still out' on e-cigs, feel free to refer them to here.

PLEASE NOTE: SHOOZITECH makes no claims as to the use, effectiveness or anything health related with E-cigs and this is purely at the customers discretion.  We provide the below information so that you as the customer can make the best decision based on all the facts (and not just what you hear in the media).

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2016 STUDIES
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March 2016

Researchers from University College London estimate that use of e-cigarettes produced 16,000 to 22,000 additional long-term quitters (longer than a year) in England in 2014. Use of ecigarettes appears to boost the chances of quitting by around 50% compared to traditional NRTs. 
Ecig Usage Boosting Quitting Numbers In England

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February 2016

A Hong Kong Baptist University study claiming e-cigarette eliquid is “a million times” more harmful than outdoor air has been challenged by Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos, stating it was a "complete disgrace for the scientist, the department and the university". 
Hong Kong Eliquid Study Challenged

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February 2016

Asthmatic smokers making the switch to electronic cigarettes on the advice of their doctors showed significant improvements in lung function after a year and in asthma-related quality of life.
Improvements Observed When Asthmatics Switch To Vaping

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February 2016

E-cigarettes may not generate as much formaldehyde as previously believed, and the levels tend to be lower than tobacco cigarettes. 
Vaping And Formaldehyde

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February 2016

A new study states smokers who reduce or quit smoking by switching to e-cigarettes may lower their systolic blood pressure in the long term, and this reduction is apparent in smokers with elevated blood pressure. 
Vaping And Blood Pressure

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January 2016

A diverse young adult sample of current daily smokers not yet ready to quit were able to reduce smoking with the assistance of electronic cigarettes. 
Electronic Cigarettes And Smoking Reduction In Young Adults

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2015 STUDIES
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November 2015

This study states those who have recently quit smoking tobacco are four times more likely to be daily users of e-cigarettes than current cigarette smokers. 
Ecigarette Use Again Linked To Smoking Cessation

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October 2015.

A Yale School of Public Health study has found state bans on e-cigarette sales to minors has resulted in a 0.9 percentage point increase in rates of recent conventional cigarette use by 12 to 17 year olds. Where bans exist, they appear to have slowed decline in youth uptake of tobacco cigarettes by about 70 percent. The study author suggests to reduce teenage smoking, bans should be limited to those under 16, rather than under 18. 
Ecig Ban Boosts Youth Smoking

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October 2015.

About 3.7% of adults used e-cigarettes every day or some days in 2014, according to a US National Health Interview Survey. 
Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults: United States (PDF)

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September 2015

Comments from Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos on a new study that found e-cigarette aerosol contains less volatile compounds than normal exhaled breath. 
Second-Hand Vaping Myth Debunked (Again)

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August 2015

E-cigarettes are 95% less harmful to your health than normal cigarettes according to a new report from Public Heath England. When supported by a smoking cessation service, vaping can help most smokers to quit tobacco altogether. 
E-cigarettes: An Evidence Update (PDF)

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August 2015

In a new position statement, the Royal Society For Public Health has called on the UK's health commissioners and smoking cessation services to consider trailing an 'e-cigarette friendly' approach and examine the devices' potential for smoking cessation. It has also called for the mandatory sale of non-tobacco NCPs, including vaping devices, in all outlets selling combustible tobacco products. 
RSPH Recommends "Ecigarette Friendly" Smoking Cessation Services (PDF)

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April 2015

Research from Australian Catholic University (ACU) and the University of Melbourne indicates the use of e-cigarettes is associated with smoking cessation and reduction. 
E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Systematic Review

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April 2015

A new study published the American Journal of Public Health that claims to have found evidence smokers who use e-cigarettes are significantly less likely to quit smoking than those who do not has been branded junk science by Dr. Michael Seigel. Dr Seigel goes as far as to say its conclusions are completely invalid the study description "borders on being deceitful". 
Ecig Study 'Junk Science'

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April 2015

This study found if the toxicity of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette mainstream smoke is compared on basis of the same smoking parameters as well as the same number of puffs, the cell viability is about 4.5–5 times lower and the oxidative stress levels 4.5–5 times higher in combustible cigarettes. (NOTE: Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos offered some comments concerning this study).
E-Cigarette Vapor Vs Cigarette Smoke And Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

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April 2015

A survey carried out by Action On Smoking And Health (ASH) Wales;  found of 952 young people aged 13-18 living in Wales, just 9.4% of non-smokers had tried an ecigarette and only 0.16% percent (n=1) were using them regularly. Of those who reported using both ecigarettes and tobacco cigarettes at some point, 98% had first used tobacco, suggesting the absence of any gateway theory. 
Gateway Myth Debunked (Again)

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March 2015

A new study led by cardiologist Dr. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos verifies twenty-one samples (10 conventional and 11 NET) of tobacco flavoured e-cigarette eliquids are orders of magnitude safer than tobacco cigarettes. 
Eliquids Tested Safer Than Tobacco Cigarettes

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February 2015

According to a study led by Dr. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, the vaping devices and liquid used in this research delivered one-third to one-fourth the amount of nicotine after 5 minutes of use compared to tobacco cigarettes - and the new generation of devices significantly outperformed first generation ecigs. 
First Vs. New Generation Vaping Devices : Nicotine Absorption

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February 2015

Derek Yach previously headed tobacco control at the WHO. He says he understands why anti-smoking activists are so distrustful of vaping and is one of those activists. However, he also acknowledges that the evidence is clear - ecigarettes are saving lives. He states everyone involved with tobacco control needs make up for 50 years of ignoring the simple reality - that smoking kills and nicotine does not. 
Ecigarettes Save Lives

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February 2015

A summary for policy makers by Clive Bates, former Director of Action on Smoking and Health (London). Mr. Bates was also the founder of the NGO Framework Convention Alliance, set up to support the development of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 
Ecigarettes, Vaping And Public Health (PDF)

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Jaunary 2015

A survey of vapers in Australia found views generally align with some aspects of appropriate policy but conflict with some of the proposed regulatory models. 
Australian Vapers' Perspectives On Regulation

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January 2015

The validity of a recent study showing high voltage vaping creating formaldehyde, a carcinogen, has been questioned by Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos, who says there are many major issues in the way the research was carried out and the results presented. 
Vaping And Formaldehyde Study Questioned

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2014 STUDIES
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November 2014
Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos addresses the media frenzy in connection with a misquoted study performed by Japanese researcher Professor Naoki Kunugita concerning carcinogens in ecigarette vapour. 
Ecigarette Carcinogen Reports Misleading

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November 2014
Concerns of electronic cigarettes being a gateway to smoking may be unfounded suggests data from the UK's Office for National Statistics. Fewer than one in 300 vapers who have never smoked are using ecigarettes. 
Gateway Myth Busted?

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November 2014
Professor Peter Killeen is a behavioural neuroscientist . In this video, he discusses vaping, nicotine and its relationship to smoking and argues many assumptions made by scientists over the decades about the addictive nature of nicotine are wrong. 
Vaping And Nicotine

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November 2014
According to a survey by the CDC, in 2013, among all US high school students, cigarettes (12.7%) and cigars (11.9%) were the most commonly reported tobacco products currently used; current being at least 1 day in the past 30 days. Ecigarette use was at 4.5%. However, current use of only e-cigarettes was 0.6% among high school students; indicating perhaps that smoking students are looking for a less harmful option. 
US High School Student Ecig Use

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October 2014
More than 2.5 million Americans are using electronic cigarettes, but a paper from the U.S. Fire Administration says incidents involving fires and explosions are rare. Only 25 incidents were recorded between 2009 and 2014 and of those, 52% were classified as "minor fire spread". 
Ecig Related Fires Rare (PDF)

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October 2014.
A small study has found second-generation e-cigs to be immediately and highly effective in reducing cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms. 
Effectiveness Of The Electronic Cigarette

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(Abstract - published October 2014)
73% of UK respondents in this study reported their ecigarettes contained nicotine as did 43% in Australia, even though the sale, possession and/or use of nicotine-containing ecigs is illegal in Australia. 
Trends In Ecigarette Awareness (AU/UK)

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(Abstract) October 2014.
According to this study by researchers at the Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Boston; intensive users of e-cigarettes were 6 times as likely as non-users/triers to report they quit smoking. Daily use of electronic cigarettes for at least one month was strongly associated with quitting smoking at follow up. 
A Longitudinal Study of Electronic Cigarette Use

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September 2014
Commenting on a rather interesting study proclaiming ecigarettes as a source of 'thirdhand' exposure to nicotine (and a rather minor source at that), Clive Bates applies the 'Bullshit Assymetry Principle'. Clive Bates has previously worked with ASH – Action on Smoking and Health. 
Ecigarettes And The Bullshit Assymmetry Principle

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September 2014
This study found depending on puff conditions and product features, 15 puffs from a personal vaporizer can provide far less or far more nicotine than a single tobacco cigarette. However, influences can be predicted well by a mathematical model of the relevant physics. 
Various Factors Influencing Ecigarette Nicotine Yield

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September 2014
Summary notes on a study evaluating the presence of diacetyl and acetyl propionyl in e-cigarette liquids. 74.2% of the samples contained either diacetyl or acetyl propionyl, but on average within safety limits - although some eliquids had higher levels. The authors also point out tobacco cigarette smoke contains levels 100 times higher for diacetyl and 10 times higher for acetyl propionyl compared to e-cigarette vapor average daily exposure. 
Diacetyl, Acetyl Propionyl And Eliquids

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August 2014
With the exception of nickel, zinc and silver, the use of e-cigarettes demonstrates a remarkable decrease in secondhand exposure to all metals and organic compounds according to this study. With regard to Ni, Zi and Ag; the report says implementing quality control protocols would further minimize the emission of metals. 
Particulate Metals And Organic Compounds

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August 2014
A report from WHO examining what it states is emerging evidence on the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use. It says ecigs "represent an evolving frontier, filled with promise and threat for tobacco control". It also states, "The evidence and recommendations presented in this report are therefore subject to rapid change". Published August 2014. 

NOTE: This report has been criticised by Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos, who says the organisation continues to "maintain an overcautious approach and present one-sided evidence". Clive Bates says it is a modest improvement on WHO's previous extremist views, but still involves a hugely disproportionate regulatory response. Professor Gerry Stimson, Emeritus Professor at Imperial College London, says WHO is once again exaggerating the risks of e-cigarettes.
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (PDF)

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August 2014
A recent study discussed in Australian Medicine says electronic cigarette use is associated with smoking reduction and use of electronic cigarettes by non-smokers is rare not only rare, no migration from vaping to smoking has been documented. 
Busting The Ecig 'Gateway' Myth

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August 2014
A cross-sectional population study (5863 people) of the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a quit smoking aid has found ecig users were more likely to report abstinence than either those who used other nicotine replacement therapies or no aid. 
Effectiveness Of Ecigs In Quitting Smoking 


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July 2014 
A briefing on e-cigarettes and related policy issues by Clive Bates, who was previously involved with ASH (Action on Smoking and Health). In the UK. Mr. Bates points out vaping could save up to a billion lives in the 21st Century. 
Briefing On Ecigarettes For Policy Makers

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July 2014
A Queen Mary University (UK) study has found that despite gaps in knowledge, current evidence concerning e-cigarettes doesn't justify the devices being more strictly regulated than, or even as strictly as, tobacco cigarettes. The study presents evidence from 115 references. 
Ecig Benefits Outweigh Potential Harm

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July 2014
Two thirds  physicians surveyed last year felt electronic cigarettes are a helpful aid for smoking cessation and 35% recommended them to their patients. 
Doctors Attitudes Towards Vaping

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July 2014
Data from a survey of more than 10,000 vapers carried out by Electronic Cigarette Forum (ECF) is gradually being released. The 75 question survey had a 97% completion rate.
ECF Big Survey 2014 Results

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July 2014
A report by toxicology consultants, which has been verified by Professor Riccardo Polosa, Professor Bernd Mayer and Dr Jacques Le Houeze states eliquids with typical nicotine concentrations should be reclassified as CLP category 4 (the lowest); the same classification as washing up liquids. Currently nicotine eliquids have been classified as CLP category 2 or 3; alongside strychnine and formaldehyde. CLP is the set of regulations covering classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures in the EU.
Reclassification Of Nicotine Eliquids Under CLP Recommended (PDF)

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June 2014
A summary of a study headed by by Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos evaluating sweet-flavored eliquids for the presence of Diacetyl and Acetyl Propionyl. 
Eliquids And Inhalation Toxins (PDF)

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11 July 2014
UK study finds E-Liquid 'Non-Toxic' and looks for re-classification
http://www.ecita.org.uk/blog/index.php/how-toxic-is-e-liquid/

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June 2014
A letter to the World Health Organisation in May (see earlier entry below) signed by 53 nicotine specialists and health professionals was criticised by anti-ecig crusader Stanton Glantz and a number of others. The 53 original signatories have returned fire; deconstructing Glantz's arguments. 
Glantz Letter "Misleading, Without Scientic Foundation"

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June 2014
A recent study found that while smoking causes a delay in myocardial relaxation, ecig use had no immediate effects. 
Myocardial Function - Tobacco vs. Ecigarettes 

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June 2014
A study recently published in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology that concluded based on nitric oxide (FeNO) levels, e-cigarettes are not safer than tobacco cigarettes and lung function is impaired has been labelled "arbitrary and completely wrong" by Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos. 
Effects Of E-cigarette Use On Exhaled Nitric Oxide

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May 2014
A study comparing e-cigarettes with nicotine inhalers in terms of perceived benefits, harms, appeal, and role in quitting has found more subjects would use ecigs to make a quit attempt. Vaping devices gained a much higher total satisfaction score than inhalers. 
E-Cigarette Vs. Nicotine Inhaler

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May 2014
Dozens of health professionals, including Australia's Dr. Coral Gartner, have signed an open letter to Dr Margaret Chan, the Director General of the World Health Organisation (WHO) with their concerns regarding the body ignoring the importance of tobacco harm reduction strategies such the use as electronic cigarettes. The letter states among other points that it is counterproductive to ban the advertising of e-cigarettes and other low risk alternatives to smoking. The communication states these products could be among the most significant health innovations of the 21st century and could save hundreds of millions of lives. 
Statement From Specialists In Nicotine Science And Public Policy 

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May 2014
ASH Scotland current views on vaping and ecigarettes. 
ASH Scotland E-cigarette Briefing 

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May 2014
A survey carried out by University College London has found smokers are approximately 60% more likely to report succeeding quitting smoking if they use e-cigarettes than if they use willpower alone or nicotine replacement therapies such as patches or gum. 
Ecigarettes Boost Quitting Success Rates

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May 2014
A recent study measured twelve carbonyl compounds in ecig vapors where battery output voltage was gradually increased from 3.2 to 4.8 V. It found vapour did contain some toxic and carcinogenic carbonyl compounds; but these varied between eliquids and were at much lower levels than cigarette smoke when lower voltages are used. High voltages significantly increased toxic compounds. 
High Voltage Vaping And Carbonyl Compounds

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May 2014
A study presented in May at the 2014 American Thoracic Society International Conference states while e-cigarette vapor appears to boost the virulence of dangerous and medication-resistant bacteria such as MRSA, it's to a lesser degree than cigarette smoke.
Ecigarette Vapor And MRSA

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May 2014
A report commissioned by Public Health England states electronic cigarettes offer "vast potential health benefits", but requires appropriate regulation, careful
monitoring, and risk management. "However the opportunity to harness this potential into public health policy, complementing existing comprehensive tobacco control policies, should not be missed." 

Ecigs A "Much Safer Source Of Nicotine" 

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May 2014
In another report commissioned by Public Health England, the authors state they could not identify any evidence to suggest that non smoking children who tried e-cigarettes were more likely to then try tobacco. 
Ecigs Not A Gateway To Children Smoking 

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May 2014
A study of asthmatic smokers has found those who used electronic cigarettes regularly showed objective and subjective improvements in asthma outcomes, and goes on to state: "This study shows that e-cigs can be a valid option for asthmatic patients who cannot quit smoking by other methods." Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
Ecigs Benefit Asthmatic Smokers

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May 2014
A study to be published in Nicotine and Tobacco Research states e-cigarette vapor can be the source of carcinogens, but the devil is in the detail according to Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos. 
Formaldehyde Release In E-cigarette Vapor

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May 2014
A study on awareness and perceived harmfulness of ecigarettes among U.S. adults has found 77% of respondents were aware of e-cigarettes and off this, only 51% believed e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes. The study was published in American Journal of Preventive Medicine, May 2014. (The study results have caused concern in the vaping community and among some pro-vaping health professionals that misinformation campaigns are having an impact on public perception).
E-Cigarette Awareness and Perceived Harmfulness

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April 2014
An ASH survey shows electronic cigarette use among adults in Britain has tripled over the past two years and according to the associated study's lead author (and as with the study that follows this item); there is no evidence to suggest ecigarettes are renormalizing smoking. 
Use Of Electronic Cigarettes In Great Britain 

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April 2014
A study by researchers from University College London
has found the use of ecigarettes by those who have never smoked is negligible. Evidence also indicates ecigs are not ‘renormalizing’ smoking - and they may be contributing to a reduction in smoking prevalence. 

Trends In Ecig Use In England 

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April 2014
A study that sought to estimate the harm level of various forms of nicotine delivery products rated cigarettes as the most harmful (overall weighted score of 100) and ENDS (electronic nicotine delivery systems) were rated among the least harmful. Published in European Addiction Research.
Ecigs Among The Least Harmful Nicotine Delivery Products

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April 2014
In a position statement released by the Australian Association of Smoking Cessation Professionals (AASCP), the body provides some support for ecigarettes and states the final decision to use the devices "belongs to the individual smoker, who should weigh up the risk and benefits and make a decision for their circumstances." It also mentions there is no evidence to support concerns ecigs are a gateway to smoking or normalise smoking. 
AASCP Position Statement (PDF)

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March 2014
It appears some of nicotine's bad reputation may be unfounded. As has been suspected for some time, it seems it's a combination of chemicals that make tobacco so addictive - in fact it's been shown to be "almost impossible" to get laboratory animals hooked on nicotine on its own. Of course, humans may be another story; but perhaps the degree of addiction is amplified when nicotine is consumed through smoking. Furthermore, nicotine also appears to have some therapeutic properties.
Nicotine Not The Great Satan?

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March 2014
Switching completely from tobacco to e-cigarettes achieves much the same with regard to health as does quitting smoking and all nicotine use completely says the Royal College Of Physicians. The body goes on to say even in the absence of regulation, the risks to ecig users and others is low. 
Royal College Of Physicians' Stance

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In an open letter published on The Montreal Gazette; the medical director of the Smoking Cessation Clinic at the Montreal Chest Institute and other health professionals have voiced their support for the authorization of the sale of ecigs in Canada. In his letter, Dr. Gaston Ostiguy mentions states there is a "moral and ethical duty to provide these products to addicted smokers."
"A Moral And Ethical Duty" To Provide Ecigarettes

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March 2014
A study by Professor Stanton Glantz and Dr Lauren Dutra on teenage smoking and ecig use has been thoroughly debunked by Clive Bates, who called the document "false, misleading and damaging". Mr. Bates was previously director of Action on Smoking and Health (ASH-UK). 
Ecig Gateway Effect Claims Deconstructed

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March 2014
In March 2014 another story started doing the rounds of the media relating to a person who had contracted lipoid pneumonia and glycerol based eliquids were pointed to as the culprit. Dr. Konstantin Farasalinos details why glycerol cannot cause lipoid pneumonia.
Glycerol Does Not Cause Lipoid Pneumonia

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February 2014
The EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), which will limit nicotine eliquid levels to 20mg/ml, will curb the use of e-cigarettes says a report from London Economics. It estimates the TPD will result in the deaths of an additional 105,000 people a year in Europe. 
Impact Of EU Ban On Higher Nicotine E-cigarettes On Smoking.

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February 2014
This study found e-cigarette users were more likely still to be abstinent than either those who used NRT (Nicotine Replacement Therapies) bought over-the-counter or used no aid at all.
Real-World Effectiveness Of E-Cigarettes: A Population Study

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January 2014
According to the American Council On Science And Health, the relative risk of mortality from lifetime use of various tobacco and nicotine products is comparatively low. "Electronic cigarette vapor appears chemically incapable of causing cancer
as cigarette smoke has done." The report, Nicotine And Health, was published in January 2014.

The Effects Of Nicotine On Human Health 

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January 2014
A study that reviewed available data on chemistry of ecig aerosols and eliquids found no evidence to suggest vaping produces inhalable exposures to contaminants that justify concerns relating to the health and safety of workplaces. 
Contaminants In Ecig Eliquids And Workplace Health Risks 

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January 2014
A study carried out by has concluded electronic cigarettes may contribute to relapse prevention in former smokers and smoking cessation in current smokers. It also found in dual users who were still smoking at the point of follow-up had decreased their tobacco cigarette consumption by 5.3 cigarettes a day. 
A Longitudinal Study Of Ecig Users


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PRE-2013 STUDIES
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This 2012 paper argues that while more research is needed on the cost–benefit of ecigs and appropriate regulation, the harms so far have been overstated relative to the potential benefits. The paper mentions a study that found of more than 2000 former smokers in this survey, 96% reported that the e-cigarette helped them to stop smoking.
Electronic cigarettes: achieving a balanced perspective

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Given there is little real-world evidence of e-cigarettes causing harm to date; particularly when compared to smoking, UK anti-tobacco group ASH believes if properly regulated, ecigarettes should be made available as part of a harm reduction approach to tobacco. The briefing contains various statistics related to vaping and points out between 2009 - 2011, Google searches using the terms ‘electronic cigarette’ increased
by fifty fold in the UK. The briefing is in PDF format.

ASH UK Ecigarette Briefing

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High nicotine e-liquids were vaporized in a series of experiments and the emissions compared to tobacco smoke. The study results indicate "no apparent risk to human health from e-cigarette emissions based on the compounds analyzed".
E-cigarette Vapor And Cigarette Smoke Comparison

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This study sought to identify and quantify the chemicals released on a closed environment from the use of e-cigarettes - the findings? There's little to be concerned about with regard safety. This research again confirms the type and quantity of
chemicals released are by far less harmful to human health compared to regular
tobacco cigarettes. In fact, it "could be more unhealthy to breath air in big cities compared to staying in the same room with someone who is vaping."

Is Passive Vaping A Reality?

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Data at Clarkson University’s Center for Air Resources and reviewed by an independent toxicologist indicates electronic cigarettes produce very small exposures to byproducts relative to tobacco cigarettes. The study has been peer reviewed and will appear the Journal of Inhalation Toxicology. 
Indoor Vapor Air Quality Study

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Report from Health New Zealand stating e-cigarette vapors do not contain substances known to cause death in the quantities found.
E-cigarettes: harmless inhaled or exhaled 

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This research acknowledges that no drug is safe, but the emissions associated with the e-cigarette brand tested appear to be "several magnitudes safer" than tobacco smoke emissions.
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (PDF)

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The findings of this study indicate "e-cigarettes may hold promise as a smoking-cessation method" and that further research should be carried out.
Electronic Cigarettes As a Smoking-Cessation Tool

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Electronic cigarettes appear to have no acute adverse effects on cardiac function according to research by cardiologist Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos.  He says based on currently available data, ecigs are safer and substituting tobacco with electronic cigarettes could in fact be beneficial to health.
Electronic Cigarettes Do Not Damage The Heart

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The American Association of Public Health Physicians recommends electronic cigarettes as a safer smoke-free tobacco/nicotine product.
Principles to Guide AAPHP Tobacco Policy

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Dr. Michael Siegel questions a University of Athens study claiming e-cigarettes can cause lung damage. 
Athens University Ecig Study Challenged

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Monkeys and rats were exposed continuously to high concentrations of propylene glycol, a common component of eliquids for periods of 12 to 18 months. Results of the research state "air containing these vapors in amounts up to the saturation point is completely harmless". 
Propylene Glycol Safe

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2011
A study showing the use of ecigarettes substantially decreased cigarette consumption without causing significant side effects in smokers who had no intention to quit. Published in 2011 (PDF).